Goethe biography referat de necesitate
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
| German poet, novelist and playwright Date of Birth: Country: Germany |
Biography of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German poet, prose writer, and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest poet and universal genius of German literature.
He referred to his work as "fragments of a huge confession." His autobiographical works, including "Poetry and Truth," which narrates the story of his childhood and youth until ; "Italian Journey," an account of his trip to Italy from to ; "The French Campaign " and "The Siege of Mainz in ," as well as "Annals" and "Diaries" covering the period from to , were all published with the firm belief that it is impossible to evaluate poetry without understanding its author.
Goethe was born on August 28, , in Frankfurt am Main.
In one of his later poems, he wrote, "From my father, I inherited a stern disposition, physique; from my mother, a vivacious character and a love for fairy tales." His first attempts at poetry date back to the age of eight. His relatively loose home education under the supervision of his father, followed by three years of student freedom at Leipzig University, gave him enough time to satisfy his passion for reading and experience various genres and styles of the Enlightenment era.
By the age of 19, when a serious illness forced him to interrupt his studies, he had already mastered the techniques of versification and drama and had written a significant number of works, most of which he later destroyed. He intentionally preserved a poetic collection called "Annette" (The Book Annette, ), dedicated to Anna Katharina Schönkopf, the daughter of the owner of the Leipzig inn where Goethe usually had lunch, and a pastoral comedy called "The Whims of Love" (Die Laune des Verliebten, ).
In Strasbourg, where he completed his legal education from to , and during the following four years in Frankfurt, he led a literary rebellion against the principles established by J.H. Gottsched (–) and the Enlightenment theorists.
In Strasbourg, Goethe met Johann Gottfried Herder (–), the leading critic and ideologist of the "Storm and Stress" movement, filled with plans to create a great and original literature in Germany.
Herder's enthusiasm for Shakespeare, Ossian, Thomas Percy's "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry," and folk poetry from all nations opened up new horizons for the young poet, whose talent was just beginning to unfold. He wrote "Goetz von Berlichingen" and, using Shakespearean "lessons," began working on "Egmont" and "Faust." He helped Herder collect German folk songs and composed numerous poems in the style of folk songs.
Goethe shared Herder's conviction that true poetry should come from the heart and be the product of the poet's own life experience, rather than simply imitating ancient models. This conviction became his main creative principle for life. During this period, the passionate happiness he felt in his love for Friederike Brion, the daughter of a pastor in Sesenheim, found expression in vivid imagery and heartfelt tenderness in poems such as "Welcome and Farewell," "May Song," and "With a Painted Ribbon." The pangs of conscience after their separation were reflected in scenes of abandonment and loneliness in "Faust," "Goetz," "Clavigo," and a series of poems.
The sentimental passion of Werther for Lotte and his tragic dilemma, loving a girl already engaged to another man, was part of Goethe's own life experience. The poems addressed to Lili Schönemann, a young beauty from Frankfurt society, tell the story of his fleeting infatuation. Eleven years at the Weimar court (–), where he was a friend and advisor to the young Duke Karl August, fundamentally changed the poet's life.
Goethe biography referat de necesitate achizitii publice Although Goethe was somewhat dismissive of the Romantic generation that came directly after him, and the Romantics were themselves often critical of Goethe, Werther caught their attention and is thought to be the spark that ignited the passion for Romanticism, which swept across Europe at the turn of the century. Nadia Anjuman. When Schiller passed away in and thrones and empires trembled as Napoleon reshaped Europe, Goethe composed sonnets to Minna Herzlieb, the novel "Elective Affinities," and his autobiography. In , he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor by Napoleon, and began warming up to his regime.Goethe was at the center of court society, constantly inventing and organizing balls, masquerades, pranks, amateur plays, hunts, and picnics, while also overseeing the development of parks, architectural landmarks, and museums. He became a member of the Duke's Privy Council and later a government minister, responsible for road construction, recruitment, state finances, public works, mining projects, and more.
He spent many years studying geology, mineralogy, botany, and comparative anatomy. But above all, his prolonged daily interaction with Charlotte von Stein proved to be the most beneficial. The emotionalism and iconoclasm of the "Storm and Stress" period faded into the past, and Goethe's ideals in life and art became restraint and self-control, equilibrium, harmony, and classical formal perfection.
Instead of great geniuses, he focused on ordinary people as his heroes. The free verses of his poems are calm and serene in content and rhythm, but gradually the form becomes more rigid, with Goethe preferring octaves and elegiac couplets in the style of the great "triumvirate" – Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius.
Goethe's numerous official duties seriously hindered the completion of his major works, such as "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship," "Egmont," "Iphigenia," and "Tasso." Taking a year and a half off, he traveled to Italy, engaged in sculpture, made over a thousand landscape sketches, and studied ancient poets and the history of ancient art, such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann's (–) writings.
Upon his return to Weimar in , Goethe did not immediately settle into a "sedentary" lifestyle.
Goethe biography referat de necesitate model Back in Germany, Goethe first met his future companion Friedrich Schiller in Lydia Koidula. The daily interaction with fellow poets, discussing plans and working together on projects such as the satirical "Xenien" Xenies, and the ballads of , served as an excellent creative stimulus for Goethe. Erik Karlfeldt.Over the next six years, he embarked on a second trip to Venice, accompanied the Weimar duke on his trip to Breslau, and participated in the military campaign against Napoleon. In June , he developed a friendly relationship with Friedrich Schiller, who sought assistance in publishing the new journal "Horen" (Choirs), and from then on, he mainly resided in Weimar.
The daily interaction with fellow poets, discussing plans and working together on projects such as the satirical "Xenien" (Xenies, ) and the ballads of , served as an excellent creative stimulus for Goethe. He published the works that had been lying in his drawer, including "Roman Elegies," born out of nostalgia for Rome and his love for Christiane Vulpius, who became Goethe's wife in He completed "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship" (–), continued working on "Faust," and wrote a series of new works, including "Alexis and Dora," "Amyntas," and "Hermann and Dorothea," an idyllic poem depicting the life of a small German town against the backdrop of the French Revolution.
As for prose, Goethe wrote the collection of stories "Conversations of German Emigrants," which included the incomparable "The Fairy Tale."
When Schiller passed away in and thrones and empires trembled as Napoleon reshaped Europe, Goethe composed sonnets to Minna Herzlieb, the novel "Elective Affinities," and his autobiography.
Referat de necesitate scoala Submit input. Die Idealvorstellung der. Marienbader Elegie nach. The novel is a hallmark of the Sturm und Drang era, which honored emotion above reason and societal mores.At the age of 65, wearing the mask of Hafiz, he created "West-East Divan," a collection of love lyrics. Zuleika, the central figure of this cycle, Marianne von Willemer, was also a poet, and her poems seamlessly integrated into the "Divan." The verses in the "Divan" are filled with parables, deep observations, and wise reflections on human life, morality, nature, art, poetry, science, and religion.
The same qualities are evident in "Proverbs in Prose and Verse," "Urworte. Orphisch," and "Conversations with Eckermann," published in the last decade of the poet's life when he was completing "Wilhelm Meister" and "Faust." Goethe passed away in Weimar on March 22,
"Goetz von Berlichingen with the Iron Hand" (), inspired by Shakespearean chronicles, vividly depicts 16th-century Germany, portraying the conflict between the old imperial order represented by its knights and peasants and the new forces of the princes and cities that would shape modern life.
The play "Clavigo" (), based on an episode from P.O.C. Bombast von Hohenheim's memoirs, presents a simple contemporary tragedy from the life of the middle class, elevated by Goethe to the level of a problem play, where each character is right in their own way. "Egmont" () features the eponymous hero, a Dutch stadtholder (governor) during the time of Philip II, who was executed by the Spanish during the struggle of the Netherlands for liberation from Spanish rule.
Freedom is the main theme of the tragedy. The use of an orchestra accompanying the allegorical vision of the goddess of Freedom in the final act sparked sharp criticism at the time, but later, Schiller also adopted this technique, marking the first step towards Wagner's music dramas. Beethoven's overture to "Egmont" continued this tradition.
"Iphigenia in Tauris" () is a truly beautiful hymn by Goethe to women. In contrast to Euripides' Iphigenia, a cunning intriguer, Goethe's heroine sets herself the high goal of breaking the family curse, achieving it by renouncing blood revenge and living a pure, blameless life, confident that the gods approve of her humanity. "Torquato Tasso" () is a deeply moving and realistic tragedy of a genius threatened by madness.
Goethe biography referat de necesitate institutie publica: Dark Mode. The Goethe family was held in high esteem in Frankfurt, and Johann Wolfgang grew up in a wealthy home. Goethes Werke, seit erschienen. The emotionalism and iconoclasm of the "Storm and Stress" period faded into the past, and Goethe's ideals in life and art became restraint and self-control, equilibrium, harmony, and classical formal perfection.
The novel "Elective Affinities" () provides a detailed and unbiased analysis of the problem of divorce. The sentimental psychological novel in letters "The Sorrows of Young Werther" () brought the author worldwide fame. Its first part contains more or less accurate circumstances of Goethe's unhappy love for Charlotte (Lotte) Buff, the fiancée of his friend G.K.
Kestner, during the summer of in Wetzlar. The second part is based on the ill-fated destiny of K.W. Jerusalem, a Brunswick official secretary who, despised by aristocratic society and tormented by his superiors, falls in love with a colleague's wife and took his own life in October The crystallization of these materials and characters, however, occurred under the influence of a distressing incident that occurred to Goethe in February in the house of Maximiliane Brentano, a jealous husband.
The unprecedented success of the novel cannot be attributed solely to the unsurpassed art with which Goethe dressed up an ordinary love story in an epistolary form.
It represents the creed of a whole generation that rebelled against the primitive optimistic rationalism of its fathers, who saw the action of intellectual laws in the abundance of nature, a mysterious Creator as a kind of watchmaker, and the events of life as a set of moral precepts, and in the winding paths of losses and findings, a thorny path to happiness achievable through rational behavior.
Contrary to all this, Werther proclaimed the rights of the heart.
"Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship" is the main character of Goethe's diptych "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship" and "Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years." By genre, it is a "Bildungsroman," revealing the organic spiritual development of the hero as he accumulates life experience.
The first edition of the novel, "Wilhelm Meister's Theatrical Mission" (–), was discovered in Switzerland in and published in The novel is notable for its realistic description of the actor's life, the lives of bourgeois and aristocrats, and its unique assessments of German, French, and English playwrights, particularly Shakespeare.
"Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship" (–) was inspired by the friendly participation of Schiller, and six books of "Wilhelm Meister's Theatrical Mission" were included in the first four books of the new edition but were revised from a more mature perspective. According to the new plan, Meister needed to be brought to a more universal, humanistic life concept that could only be achieved through interaction with aristocrats.
Theater undoubtedly retains its educational value, but only as an indirect path to the ideal, not as the goal itself.
The "Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years," written in the final years of Goethe's life (published in ), once again demonstrates changes in philosophy and style, typical of Goethe, who always sought to keep pace with changing times. The Industrial Revolution, which had far more significant consequences than the fleeting French Revolution, confirmed how radically times had changed since the "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship" was completed.
Interestingly, at the end of his European travels, Wilhelm, with his family and a group of friends, emigrated to America, where they intended to create a democratic brotherhood of laborers.
"Faust" is the central figure of many legends and repeatedly appears in the history of literature. Goethe needed over 60 years to complete the adaptation of the legend according to the general plan he had developed in The first part was only published in The second part, with the exception of the magnificent tragedy of Helena in Act III, which was begun in and published in , mainly represents the work of Goethe's last years (–), completed shortly before his death and published in
The two great antagonists in the mystical tragedy are God and the devil, and Faust's soul is merely the battlefield where their battle, which is destined to end in the devil's defeat, takes place.
This concept explains the contradictions in Faust's character, his passive contemplation and active will, selflessness and selfishness, humility and audacity. Goethe skillfully reveals the duality of his nature at every stage of the hero's life.
The tragedy can be divided into five acts of unequal size, corresponding to the five periods of Dr.
Faust's life.
Goethe biography referat de necesitate The second part is based on the ill-fated destiny of K. Goethes Werke 'Reinecke. This article is also available in audio. The same qualities are evident in "Proverbs in Prose and Verse," "Urworte.In Act I, which concludes with the pact with the devil, Faust the metaphysician attempts to resolve the conflict between two souls – contemplative and active, symbolizing the Macrocosm and the Spirit of the Earth, respectively. Act II, the tragedy of Gretchen, which concludes the first part, reveals Faust as a sensualist in conflict with spirituality.
The second part, which leads Faust into the free world and toward higher and purer spheres of activity, is thoroughly allegorical, like a dream play, where time and space have no meaning, and characters become symbols of eternal ideas. The first three acts of the second part form a unity and make up Act III. In them, Faust appears as an artist, first at the court of the Emperor, then in classical Greece, where he unites with Helena of Troy, a symbol of harmonious classical form.
The conflict in this aesthetic realm arises between the pure artist who pursues art for art's sake and the hedonist seeking personal pleasure and glory through art. The culmination of the tragedy of Helena is her marriage to Faust, in which the synthesis of classicism and romanticism, sought by both Goethe and his favorite disciple, J.G. Byron, is expressed.
Goethe paid poetic tribute to Byron, endowing him with the features of Euphorion, the offspring of Faust and Helena.